When she faints Malatromba tells the supposed spies to hide in the clock and barometer; as Malatromba tries to drag Catarina off, Amoroso, who has escaped prison, suddenly appears and draws his sword. While the Pont du Gard is the star of your visit, the site is full of unusual and unexpected spots that you will enjoy discovering. A település népességének változása: The convenient search tools and the extensive hotel information on the Montreux city page make it easy to find available hotels. Pont-Saint-Esprit (Occitan: Lo Pònt Sant Esperit, "Holy Spirit Bridge") is a commune in the Gard département in southern France.It is situated on the river Rhône and is the site of a historical crossing, hence its name. +/-Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin Domessin, Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Pressins, Romagnieu és Saint-Jean-d’Avelanne községekkel határos.Népesség. [13], Historian Steven Kaplan's 2008 book, Le Pain Maudit argues that the poisoning might have been caused by nitrogen trichloride used to artificially (and illegally) bleach flour. Over 3,500,000 travelers have chosen Agoda.com to find the perfect hotel near places like Le Pont de Brent. Relax with our Price Promise & FREE cancellation on select hotels. [8]:452-458, During the interrogation, Maillet admitted that he had made a deal with a baker, Guy Bruère, who had brought in bags to be milled. Le Pont des Arts directed by Eugène Green is the story is of a young man who falls in love with and finds the whole meaning of his life contained in a young woman who sings a baroque lament on record. Added to Watchlist. Star: Michel Polac. The owners of the bakery at which Bruère was employed, Clothaire and Denise Audidier, were also arrested for infractions of fiscal legislation and of legislation governing wheat and flour.[8]:471. [2] Gänzl describes the piece as being in Offenbach's "best bouffe manner", noting a "long list of sparkling and funny musical pieces": the multiple serenade beneath Catarina's balcony, the tale of the loss of the Venetian fleet, the parody of an operatic mad scene for Catarina, and a farcical "quatuor des poignards". Another family shared a loaf of Briand’s bread among five of its seven members, the others preferring biscottes, with only the five falling ill. On the morning of the 20th, the health service, the prefecture, the prosecutor of the Republic and the police were notified. Le Pont-de-Montvert: Interkomunaliti: Cévennes au Mont Lozère: Kerajaan • Datuk Bandar (2008–2014) Sophie Pantel: Luas. On the 23rd of August, a judge of inquiry opened a formal investigation, and tasked commissaire Georges Sigaud with finding the cause of the mass poisoning event. A revised version of the ban, in 1970, would prohibit the exportation of Panogen, leading to its removal from the market. More than 250 people were involved, including 50 people interned in asylums and 7 deaths. With the Council believing they have two doges, Malatromba is temporarily thwarted. The final scene is on the Lido, and the carnival is in progress. Le pont des soupirs (The Bridge of Sighs) is an opéra bouffe (or operetta) set in Venice, by Jacques Offenbach, first performed in Paris in 1861.The French libretto was written by Hector Crémieux and Ludovic Halévy. The tainted bread made by Briand was made with only four ingredients: flour, yeast, water and salt. Lakosainak száma 10 435 fő (2017. január 1.). Plus use our free tools to find new customers. l'esprit livre charenton-le-pont • l'esprit livre charenton-le-pont photos • l'esprit livre charenton-le-pont location • ... France » Île-de-France » Val-de-Marne » Charenton-le-Pont » Is this your business? Cornarini and Baptiste get arrested but claim to have proof of the Doge's demise, which they will reveal to the Council of Ten. The investigation led police to interrogate many of the town’s residents, who gave inconsistent ratings of Briand’s tainted batch. [7], Offenbach biographer Alexander Faris notes similarities between Le pont des soupirs and Sullivan's The Gondoliers of 1889; he comments "in both works there are choruses à la barcarolle for gondoliers and contadini [in] thirds and sixths; Offenbach has a Venetian admiral telling of his cowardice in battle; Gilbert and Sullivan have their Duke of Plaza-Toro who led his regiment from behind", both also over-work the cachucha rhythm".[8]. The doge and Baptiste try to enter also but as the mob return they climb onto the balcony. [5] The first production in England was at St James's Theatre in 1872 as The Bridge of Sighs, and a year later it was seen at the Carltheater in Vienna. Both Briand and his assistant agreed that the first batch was constituted of the previous day’s flour mixed with flour borrowed from Jaussent. On the night of 24 August, a man believed himself to be an airplane and died by jumping from a second-storey window and across town, an 11-year old boy strangled his mother. In practice, this meant that the higher-quality flour would be delivered to local bakers and lower-quality flour would be exported to other departments. Synopsis : James Donovan, un avocat de Brooklyn se retrouve plongé au cœur de … Fights break out in the hiding places; the four men emerge and in the confusion the room fills with soldiers, spies, squires and Catarina's female servants. One room is specially equipped to welcome guests with limited mobility. [6] This also meant that flour would be purchased directly from ONIC, and delivered to the baker for a set price, without the baker being able to have any control on quality. The water used to make the bread was from a municipal source, the same that also supplied the rest of the village. Roch Briand was interrogated, and the sickness in the town was blamed on his bread.[8]. At the Council of Ten most of the councillors are asleep and only awake with the entry of a delegation of female gondoliers. +/-Le Pont-de-Montvert Mas-d’Orcières, Cubières, Cubiérettes, Altier, Pourcharesses, Concoules, Vialas, Saint-Maurice-de-Ventalon, Cassagnas, Saint-Julien-d'Arpaon, La Salle-Prunet, Bédouès és Fraissinet-de-Lozère községekkel határos. [8]:461-467, On August 31, around 14:30, Sigaud addressed the media, announcing the arrests of Maillet and Bruère for involuntary manslaughter and involuntary injuries arising from their negligence in trading improper flour. [15][16], Barbara Comyns wrote her third novel, Who Was Changed and Who Was Dead (1954), after reading about the poisoning. Media in category "Pont Saint-Esprit, Bayonne" The following 14 … Pont Saint Esprit, les eglises Saint Pierre et Saint Saturnin et le pont médiéval sur le Rhône Llicència Jo, el titular dels drets d'autor d'aquest treball, el public sota la següent llicència: Anda boleh membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya Laman ini kali terakhir disunting pada 23:30, 11 Mac 2013. [8][14], In his 2009 book, A Terrible Mistake, author Hank P. Albarelli Jr originated a conspiracy theory claiming that the Special Operations Division of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) tested the use of LSD on the population of Pont-Saint-Esprit as part of its MKNAOMI biological warfare program in a field test called "Project SPAN". [6], More recently a production by Jean-Michel Ribes at the Théâtre de Paris (with tour and broadcast) in 1987-88 was nominated for a Molière Award. Le Pont Nantin Restaurant, Saint-Chamond. Droit de réponse: l'esprit de contradiction (1981– ) Rate This. Despite the miller having noticed the low quality of the grains, he agreed to exchange the grain for a lower quantity of flour already milled from grain marked for export. A foodborne illness was suspected, and among these it was originally believed to be a case of "cursed bread" (pain … Pont De Seine, Paris: See 101 unbiased reviews of Pont De Seine, rated 3 of 5 on Tripadvisor and ranked #13,008 of 18,129 restaurants in Paris. Essentially, this created a government monopoly on the sale of flour, allowing the government a measure of control over wartime supply shortages. 90.25 km 2 (34.85 batu persegi) Populasi [8]:438, On 16 August 1951, the local offices of the town's two doctors filled with patients reporting similar food poisoning symptoms; nausea, vomiting, cold chills, heat waves. Français : Long de 200 mètres, le pont Saint-Esprit est une construction du miieu du 19°s, en remplacement d'un ponts en bois reposant sur des chasse-marées. The 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, also known as Le Pain Maudit, was a mass poisoning on 15 August 1951, in the small town of Pont-Saint-Esprit in southern France. Suspicious of the other men, Amoroso tears off their eye patches, and Cornarini and Baptiste are exposed; Cornarini admits who he is and is led off for execution for cowardice against the enemy as the Council of Ten proclaim Malatromba the new Doge. Cornarini and Malatromba enter on their individual floats and in the joust the latter loses (due to Amoroso arranging for Malatromba's boat to be scuttled). [8] It was later discovered that pre-treating the seeds in Panogen could lead to mercury accumulation in the plants growing from those seeds. Claim it now. He discovers she committed suicide from the Pont des Arts, so that is the only way he can be with her too. Guest rooms are comfortable and feature private bathrooms, a TV and telephone. A majority of academic sources accept ergot poisoning as the cause of the epidemic,[1][2][3][4][5] while a few theorize other causes such as poisoning by mercury, mycotoxins, or nitrogen trichloride. Multiple families were reported sick in Goudargues and Lamotte-du-Rhone. Pont Saint Esprit, église Saint saturnin et le pont médiéval sur le Rhône, France.jpg 600 × 450; 78 KB Pont Saint Esprit.jpg 1,098 × 695; 994 KB Vue d'ensemble du pont du Rhône à Pont-Saint-Esprit.JPG 3,216 × 2,144; 3.12 MB In the weeks preceding the outbreak, several villages near Pont-Saint-Esprit reported outbreaks of food poisoning via bread. Animals who had eaten the bread were also found to have perished. Meraas introduced exclusive Le Pont at Port De La Mer, which offers 1, 2, 3 and 4-bedroom apartments and an exclusive penthouse. Rehearsing Monteverdi's 'Lamento Della Ninfa'. Malatromba requests that the Council hear the testimony of the two men (Cornarini and Baptiste) about the disgraced doge. A foodborne illness was suspected, and among these it was originally believed to be a case of "cursed bread" (pain maudit). Le Pont des Espions est un film réalisé par Steven Spielberg avec Tom Hanks, Mark Rylance. In a family from a neighboring village four of whose nine members fell ill, all members who ate bread from the Briand bakery fell ill, whereas none of the others who ate bread from another bakery did. On the 13th of August, he requested that samples be taken to determine if the flour was contaminated. Directed by Thierry Binisti. The hotel-restaurant Le Pont de Fragne is located in the heart of the Auvergne region, just 1.1 miles from the E62 on the A714 motorway for Montluçon. The baker would bring the grain to the miller, who would mill it. Doctors Vieu and Gabbai investigated the epidemiology of the disease. Episode aired 19 September 1987 Previous All Episodes (19) Next Add a Plot » Director: Don Kent. Cascadetto and a mob enter denouncing Cornarini. Agoda.com's secure on-line booking form provides a simple way of booking accommodation close to Le Pont de Brent. Wotif has epic deals on Esprit de France in Joinville-le-Pont from AU$208. With Hélène Seuzaret, Nicolas Gob, Dounia Coesens, Marie Guillard. The 1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning, also known as Le Pain Maudit, was a mass poisoning on 15 August 1951, in the small town of Pont-Saint-Esprit in southern France.More than 250 people were involved, including 50 people interned in asylums and 7 deaths. The situation in the town deteriorated in the following days. These symptoms eventually worsened, with added hallucinatory crises and convulsions. Excerpt from Le Pont des Arts (Eugène Green, 2004) A … Later investigations suggested mercury poisoning due to the use of Panogen or other fungicides to treat grain and seeds. [4], Its popularity extended further: it was given to Brussels in 1861, Buenos Aires in 1870, and New York in 1871 (in French). The rye was not the only problem with the flour, as the miller also noted the presence of weevils, mites and dust. Restaurant de qualité labellisé maître restaurateur et qualité tourisme. In the pastures of the Vercors, a shepherd has been murdered. [17], "What drove an entire French town mad on a summer day in 1951", "1951 : trip sous acide à Pont-Saint-Esprit", "Did the CIA poison a French town with LSD? He reported that his family, as well as himself, were all suffering from the same afflictions. In the second version (1868) the two doges have to collect a cup from a mast, Malatromba winning and becoming doge. Porte d'entrée de l'église Notre Dame de la Blache à 4 km de Pont-Saint-Esprit.JPG 2,144 × 3,216; 2 MB Porte à Pont-Saint-Esprit w.JPG 2,144 × 3,216; 2.11 MB RRuins of an old bridge over Ardeche - panoramio.jpg 1,115 × 737; 122 KB From June 1861 Offenbach had taken his production of the opera to the Theater am Franz-Josefs-Kai in Wien, Treumann-Theater in Berlin, the National Theatre in Pesth and finally the Théâtre des Galeries-Saint-Hubert in Brussels. The residents are called Spiripontains. One of the town's two doctors would name the night nuit d'apocalypse; apocalyptic night.[9]. Under this type of agreement, often practiced at the time, a farmer would bring a baker grain he grew himself in exchange for bread that would later be made with his grain. Lihat juga. They disagreed on the second and third batches. Pont Saint-Esprit de Bayonne. [10] The victims appeared to have one common connection. At Issirac, at least 20 people reported cutaneous eruptions, diarrhea, vomiting and headaches. In Connaux, the town’s baker received reports from his clients that they believed his bread was causing violent diarrhea. Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin település Franciaországban, Savoie megyében. The note said that “almost every baker of Centre de Bagnols/Cèze has complained of the quality of the flour provided by Mr. Maillet”. [7] Following the end of the second world war, this system was relaxed, allowing for bakers to have some choice over their flour supply. Catarina is telling Laodice of her love for Amoroso when two cloaked henchmen enter her rooms. [10] According to reports at the time, the flour had been contaminated by the fungus Claviceps purpurea (ergot), which produces alkaloids similar to the hallucinogenic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). INSEE; Rencana berkaitan geografi ini ialah rencana tunas. Add to Watchlist. In translation it was produced in Vienna in 1862, Berlin in 1862, Graz in 1865 and Budapest in 1865, followed by other local premieres and runs in the French provinces. All of the ingredients but the flour could be easily discounted as sources of the illness. Comprend 1 chambre + 1 pièce dans le rocher avec BZ. The bridge was the inspiration for the song Sur le pont d'Avignon and is considered a landmark of the city. The whole village suspects the former schoolteacher, because the herdsman ruined her career a few years previously, when he found out that she was dating his 17-year-old nephew. The Ardèche flows into the Rhône, just to the north of the bridge. Le pont des soupirs (The Bridge of Sighs) is an opéra bouffe (or operetta) set in Venice, by Jacques Offenbach, first performed in Paris in 1861. Some reported that the bread looked normal, while others stated that its appearance was grayish.[8]:319. Fan of Esprit de France accommodation? Le Triton 1,464 views. A four-act version was subsequently given at the Théâtre des Variétés, Paris on 8 May 1868. [8]:432, The investigation of the provenance of the flour led Sigaud to the UM-Gard flour distribution centre, in Bagnols-sur-Cèze. Both the salt and the yeast used by Briand were sourced from the same suppliers as all other bakers in the region, and subsequent testing of the supplies found no toxicity. They had eaten bread from the bakery of Roch Briand, who was subsequently blamed for having used flour made from contaminated rye. Similar symptoms were reported in Laval-Saint-Roman. Un pont do-ré: le pont de l'Ile de Ré . Le Pont-de-Claix település Franciaországban, Isère megyében. [8]:459, Despite this, it came to light that the supply of grains to be milled for export was sometimes mixed with grains milled in an informal agreement called échangisme. Further testing showed that if bread were to be baked using Panogen-contaminated flour, the rising of the bread could be partially or totally inhibited, depending on the concentration. Cascadetto sings a lament on the cowardice of the doge; Cornarini and his squire are obliged to buy a copy of it with the doge's portrait in order to hunt him down. 1. The chief of the distribution network, Jean Bousquet, stated that since the end of July, the vast majority of the flour supplying the region was from two mills; one in Châtillon-sur-Indre, and the other being the mill of Maurice Maillet in Saint-Martin-la-Rivière, the latter of which was the subject of numerous complaints about the quality of its flour. Recordings as listed on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk, Libretto submitted for censorship, Paris 1861, Synopsis and information from the Boosey & Hawkes website, Tromb-al-ca-zar, ou Les criminels dramatiques, Le barbier de Séville ou La précaution inutile, La folle journée, ou Le mariage de Figaro, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_pont_des_soupirs&oldid=1008678539, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 14:14. The police investigation would eventually center on the second of three batches of bread made at Briand's bakery on the day of 16 August. +/-Le Pont-de-Claix Échirolles, Varces-Allières-et-Risset, Champagnier és Claix községekkel határos.Népesség. [12], In 1982, a French researcher suggested Aspergillus fumigatus, a toxic fungus produced in grain silos, as a potential culprit. +/-Le Pont-de-Planches Noidans-le-Ferroux és Fretigney-et-Velloreille községekkel határos.Népesség. During the Vichy government, the supply of grains from field to mill to bakery was directed by the government's grain control board, the Office National Interprofessionnel des Céréales (ONIC), and later the Union Meuniere. [3] Offenbach would return to Venice in the Giulietta act of his final work Les Contes d'Hoffmann. Panogen was sold containing a red colorant as a safety measure, to ensure that seeds coated with it would be used only for planting. Le Pont-de-Planches es una comuna francesa, situada dins lo departament de la Nauta Sòna e la region de la Franca Comtat Geografia. Gîte le Rocher de 45 m2 au Domaine LA VIGIE avec Piscine commune de 4x9 en saison. As consolation Cornarini is sent as Venetian ambassador to Spain, with Amoroso as his secretary (to the pleasure of Catarina), and the opera ends with a boléro. The symptoms reported were milder than those reported in Pont-Saint-Esprit. Thus, departments with net flour deficits, like the Gard department in which Pont-Saint-Esprit was located, would be supplied with lower-quality flour from other departments via ONIC, with the bakers having virtually no choice of the provenance or quality of their flour.[8]:224-225. 11:23. A település népességének változása: This residential community is the most luxurious coastal residency adjacent to the magnificent Jumeirah 1 in Dubai. This reports that the admiral's flight from battle was a ruse to fool the Matalosses who have suffered a devastating naval defeat. Le pont des soupirs was first performed in a two-act version at the Théâtre des Bouffes Parisiens, Paris on 23 March 1861. The flour composition of each batch varied, as having run out of flour during the preparation of the second batch, Briand had borrowed flour from two other local bakers, Jaussent and Fallavet. Nous sommes idéalement situé pour profiter des gorges de l'Ardèche avec ses grottes et Avens, les arènes de Nîmes, le Pont du Gard, la grotte de Vallon Pont d’Arc, Uzès, la Bambouseraie d’ Anduze, le Pont d'Avignon, le Théâtre … ", "CIA spiked baguettes with LSD, new evidence suggests", Mass murder of German POWs after World War II (1940s), Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden, Free energy suppression conspiracy theory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning&oldid=1007442491, France articles missing geocoordinate data, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 February 2021, at 04:07. Whereas Briand stated that the second was made with Jaussent’s flour and the third with Fallavet’s flour, the assistant stated that both latter batches were made with a mix of the two. By this system, millers in departments with more supply than demand could sell the excess to ONIC. He and his squire Baptiste return in disguise to his palace to find his wife, Catarina, being serenaded, first by the page Amoroso, then by his villainous and ambitious cousin, Fabiano Fabiani Malatromba. Le Pont-de-Planches település Franciaországban, Haute-Saône megyében. Le Pont-de-Planches ialah komun di jabatan Haute-Saône di Perancis. These outbreaks were all linked to bakeries that made their bread with most if not all of their flour supplied by the mill of Maurice Maillet, in Saint-Martin-la-Riviere. The baker was concerned that he would lose business should he refuse the grain on the basis of quality. Komun di jabatan Haute-Saône; Rujukan. In 1995, the surviving arches of the bridge, together with the Palais des Papes and Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms were classified as a World Heritage Site The head of the Council belatedly reads a scroll which had been delivered earlier. Catarina suddenly returns and pleads with her disguised husband to save her from the advances of Malatromba. The western terminus, the Tour Philippe-le-Bel, is also preserved. The delivery driver, Jean Bousquet, sent the prefect a copy of a remark made to his employer, the miller’s union in Nimes, on 9 August. The mayor banned making bread with that flour, and referred the situation to the region's prefect, as well as to the driver that delivered the flour. Lakosainak száma 3630 fő (2017. január 1.). It offers a traditional countryside experience. On 19 August, they came to the conclusion that bread was to blame; all patients interrogated had purchased their bread at the Briand bakery in Pont-Saint-Esprit. [1] Plays, including melodramas, set in Venice were quite common in Paris in the early 19th century; the libretto, by the successful team from Orphée aux enfers, also nods towards the operas La reine de Chypre (1841) and Haydée (1847). Given that the quantity of lower-quality grain was much lower than that of the grain for export, the miller thought that it would be possible to mix it all without reducing the overall quality of the flour. Remains of the aqueduct, tree-lined paths, spectacular views, Mediterranean flora and fauna... the site still has some secrets to share. When the women retire to the boudoir, Cornarini and Baptiste now enter, still in disguise, and a dagger quartet for the four men ends with the doge and his companion prevailing over the two Council spies, taking their uniforms and hiding the two bodies in a clock and a barometer. This was unusual, given that owing to a shortage of wheat, ONIC had mandated that rye flour be mixed in. This would allow contamination of the flour, but it would appear to be limited to the bags. Malatromba returns and enters the Cornarini palace to seduce Catarina. Bertrand Belin - Camarade / Le corps et l'esprit - Live @ Le Pont des Artistes - Duration: 11:23. The miller and baker would each take a cut for sale. Cascadetto announces that to decide which of the two doges should rule, the Council will make them joust on the Orfano canal near the piazza San Marco. Briand’s assistant stated that when he picked up flour from Jaussent, the baker was out ill, and that he took the flour from his assistant instead. Some reported that the taste was perfectly normal, while others reported chemical smells (one described an odor of gasoline, another of bleach). Le Pont-de-Montvert település Franciaországban, Lozère megyében. Lakosainak száma 327 fő (2017. január 1.). During this period, 42 bakers complained of the flour delivered by Bousquet. In Saint-Genies-de-Comolas, the town’s mayor was alerted by one of the town’s two bakers that he received flour that was gray and full of worms. Subsequent scientific tests showed that this coloring would not penetrate flour bags but that the active ingredient could do so. The French libretto was written by Hector Crémieux and Ludovic Halévy. Further arrests were made in the following days: an employee of Maillet, André Bertrand, was arrested, but released on bail as he was the head of a family of nine whose wife was about to give birth. Make sure your information is up to date. [11], This type of contamination was considered owing to the presence of fluorescent stains on the outside of some used empty flour bags returned to the distributor. Following the incident at Connaux, Bousquet requested immediate written instructions from his employer regarding the situation. Plays, including melodramas, set in Venice were quite common in Paris in the early 19th century; the libretto, by the successful team from Orphée aux enfers, also … 741 likes. For this reason, Panogen, made by a Swedish company, was banned in Sweden in 1966. Lakosainak száma 242 fő (2017. január 1.). Historian Steven Kaplan called Albarelli's theory “harebrained” and "clinically incoherent", noting that LSD does not cause the digestive ailments and effects reported by the townspeople, and typically takes effect in just a few hours, whereas the inhabitants showed symptoms only after 36 hours or more. The baker was quick to blame his flour, which he described as “bad, forming a sticky dough with acid fermentation” and which made gray and sticky bread. However, in the Vienne department, rye of good quality was often more expensive than wheat, and accordingly, bean flour was authorised by ONIC as a replacement. Shortly after the incident, in September 1951, Dr. Gabbai and colleagues published a paper in the British Medical Journal declaring that "the outbreak of poisoning" was produced by ergot fungus. They claim to have killed Cornarini; they hope this will allow them freedom and Malatromba hopes he can now become doge. [8]:436, In an interrogation that lasted multiple hours, Maurice Maillet denied mixing rye (which is highly susceptible to ergot) into his flour, opting instead to cut his product with 2% of bean flour. The ONIC retained its monopoly on inter-departmental exportation and importation. Malatromba has Amoroso arrested. Le membre historique du Stream Gang Juaniitoooo part à la chasse au trésor sur les Winamax Series ce soir en direct sur Winamax TV. Le Pont-de-Beauvoisin tī Hoat-kok ê tāi-lio̍k ūi-tì Keng-hūi-tō͘ : 45°32′4″N 5°39′59″E  /  45.53444°N 5.66639°E  / 45.53444; 5 Kok-ka Since this was near the end of the season, the bags were filled with leftover grain that sometimes contained a high proportion of rye.
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